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Help Black Magic Help can be obtained for the use of Black Magic either by pressing any valid key combination for information on that key combination or by moving the cursor to a topic from the list below and pressing <Enter> on that topic. Additionally, press the Help key (<SHIFT><F1>) twice to see a picture of the function key template. Topics Links Features Blocks Graphics Use Of <Esc> File Links Press <Esc> to return to Black Magic Hypertext Links Hypertext documents are based on the concept of links. A links is simply a connection between two things in such a fashion that the link can be "traversed" or "activated". Links are dynamic in that a link serves as a gateway to something else in the document. Upon traversing a link, certain things will happen as a result of it. For example, when a note link is traversed, a window pops up in the upper right hand corner of the screen containing the predefined note. The different types of links are show below in the table. Type Of Link Action Note Link Pop up "note" window Replacement Link "Replaces" the text on screen with alternative text Reference Link Transports the Reader to another location in the document Concepts & Terminology Along with hypertext goes terminology and concepts to adequately describe it. Press <PgDn> for more Information The first and second concepts are that of Link Originator and Link End. A Link Originator is the "summoning" side of a hypertext link. In terms of creating hypertext, a Link Originator is what was originally designated as hypertext, BEFORE anything was entered to form the basis for the specific type of link (Note, Replacement, etc.). Similarly a Link End is the opposite end of a hypertext link; it is the actual material of the link. The first term is the word Traverse, as used in "traversing a link." Traverse means the physical act of moving the cursor onto a link and pressing <F1>; in actuality it is the process of traveling through a link to its destination. For example when a note link is traversed, you are traveling through the link to the note window that pops up on screen. Just as pressing <F1> initiates a forward link traverse, there are backwards link traverses. A backwards link traverse is indicated be pressing <Esc> anywhere in a Link End, and serves to return you to the Link originator. The third concept is that of Graphic Indicator. This is a special symbol which looks like a blue circle. This symbol will appear next to any graphic image that is in a hypertext document. It simply serves to indicate that an image is present, and it provides a method to manipulate that image using blocks. Press <PgDn> for more Information By defining the Graphic indicator as a block, the image can be cut, copied and pasted through out the document. The fourth concept is that of the Graphic Link. This is a special symbol which looks a blue circle with an "X" through it. This symbol will appear near or on any graphic image that is used as a Link Originator. It provides an access for traversing the link. To traverse a link through its Graphic Link , move the cursor onto the symbol and press <F1>. This will traverse the link and put you at the Link End. There can be more than one graphic link per symbol (see the section of HELP of on graphics for more). Types Of Links There are three primary types of links: Note Link, Replacement Link, and Reference Link, each of which is fully described below. There are also two additional symbols listed below, those of the Graphic Indicator, and the Graphic Link, both of which were fully described above. Links are indicated in Black Magic through the use of colored symbols in the text surrounding the link originator. These symbols are listed below with their colors for your reference. Press <PgDn> for more Information Type of link Color Symbol Note Link Pair of Diamonds Yellow Reference Link Pair of Triangles Green Replacement Link Pair of Squares Pink Graphic Indicator Circle Blue Graphic Link Circle w/ "X" Blue Note Link The Note link is the simplest of all hypertext links. What it does is pop up pre defined text on screen in a small rectangular window in the upper left hand corner of the screen. Notes can contain either text or graphics, and tend to be excellent ways to contain information that isn't exactly relevant to the main text, but would be nice to know. To create a note link, it is first necessary to define the block of text that is to be hypertext. This block is called the Link Originator - its the starting point or origin for the hypertext link. This block can be a single character, a word, a line, even a paragraph or page. Defining the block, is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. Press <PgDn> for more Information By pressing <Shift> <ArrowKey>, you will notice that the block of text is highlighted in another color. This is to indicate what makes up the block of text. Now it is necessary to indicate that the block is a note link. Note links are defined by pressing <Shift> <F3>. This calls up a rectangular window on screen in the upper left hand corner and moves the cursor into it. Here is where the "note" is entered. After entering the note (The Note can be entered either by typing, importing text, or importing graphics), press <Esc> and the note window will vanish returning you to the original block defined as hypertext. There have been some changes made however. Although the block is no longer defined by highlighting, it is now surrounded by two yellow diamond shaped symbols to indicate that the block is a Note Link. Replacement Link The Replacement link is again simple in its operation. It takes a block of text that has been designated a link originator and when activated it replaces the link originator with the link end in the same text display as if it was always there. Press <PgDn> for more Information The Replacement link has one major difference between it and the other types of links. Note and Reference links both use <F1> to traverse a link forwards and <Esc> to return (traverse backwards) from a link. However the Replacement link is set up with a "loop" type structure. To access the replacement text, press <F1> and then the original text is accessed by pressing <F1> again. Pressing <Esc> on a replacement link has no effect, on it as there is no backwards traverse. Creation Creating a replacement link is done in the same fashion as any other link. The first step is to define the text that is to be replaced. This is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. After the text is defined (shown by highlighting), pressing <Alt> <F3> will signal that this is to be a replacement link. This will call up a window on screen for entering replacement text. This is where the replacement text is to be typed, imported, or replacement graphics are imported. After the replacement link text is finished, pressing <Esc> will back out of the link and return the original text to its position. Immediately noticeable are the colored symbols surrounding the replacement link. Press <PgDn> for more Information Moving the cursor between the symbols pressing <F1> will erase the Link Originator, and move its replacement text into its place. Pressing <F1> again will put the original back. The material for a replacement link can be anything, even other links. The only restriction on it is that there not be graphic links within a replacement text. However there could well be a reference link within the replacement link that had a graphic as its link end. Or alternatively there could be a Note link within the replacement text that contained graphics as its link end. Reference Link Reference links are used to move the reader to another location in the document entirely different from the link originator. Reference links can also point to different files, in effect linking you to limitless outside sources of information. An excellent example of what can be done with reference links can be seen in the hypertext version of this manual. The entire table of contents is essentially a collection of reference links that send you where to each chapter when activated. Press <PgDn> for more Information To create a reference link is more involved than the other links, because some awareness of where you are in the document must be kept in mind. There is one consideration for creating reference links. Reference links can be defined in two ways: they can be made to utilize existing text on screen as what they link to, or they can link to new text. Given this, the user has two options to consider: using existing text as the text for linking, or using new text. To start creating a reference link requires you to first define the block that is to be become hypertext. Next, by pressing <F3>, the block will be defined as a reference link. The user is then queried with the following: "Is This Going To Point To New Text ? (Y/N)" This means, is the reference link going to text that already exists (previously typed) or is it going to text that is yet to be typed (text that you need to type). If you answer "Y" then the screen will clear and provide you with a blank screen to type the text on. After the text has been typed, by pressing <Esc> the following prompt will appear: Press <PgDn> for more Information The Reference Link's End Points have not been defined. Do you wish to link the entire block of text Just Typed ? (Y/N) What this means, is that the reference link can be defined in two ways. The first way (Chosen by pressing "Y") will link the entire block of text to the original reference link making the cursor simply jump to the beginning of the newly typed text. The other way (Chosen by pressing "N") allows you to link the reader to a specific spot in the newly typed text. The benefit to this is that if there is a specific word or phrase among the new text that has been typed that should stand out, this will allow it to by bringing the cursor directly to it. To bring the cursor to the block's beginning press <Esc> after typing Y. To bring the cursor to a specific location, mark the location for it to be brought to as a block and press <Esc> after N. Upon returning from the hypertext link, there are some changes evident on the screen. First of all, the text that was designated as hypertext is surrounded by colored symbols. This is the normal way that hypertext is indicated. Second when the cursor is moved between the symbols, and <F1> is pressed the user is taken to the text that was designated as hypertext, with the cursor landing on the block of text that was highlighted. Press <PgDn> for more Information Point Mode Point mode is entered into by answering the following prompt after a reference link has been defined. Is this going to point to new text (Y/N) ? If this prompt is answered with a "Y" then a blank screen appears for typing and the material for the reference link can be entered as above. However if "N" is answered to this prompt Black Magic goes into Point Mode. In Point Mode Black Magic puts hypertext markers around the block that was defined as hypertext and displays the words " Point Mode " on the command line. In this mode Black Magic allows you to step through the document using the movement keys and <F1> to the specific location where the Reference link is to be linked to. Once at the correct location the text that it is to be linked to is marked as a block and <Esc> is pressed. This traverses the link backwards to the link originator. When activated this link will take you to the text that was marked as a block in point mode. Press <PgDn> for more Information Reading Hypertext Reading a hypertext document is surprisingly easy, there are only a few keys that are necessary to navigate through a hypertext document, and they are: <F1> Forward Link Traverse <Alt> <F1> Collapse Document <ArrowKey> Movement <Esc> Backwards Link Traverse Press <PgDn> for more Information OR With The Mouse <MOUSE> Movement <LeftMouseButton> Forward Link Traverse <RightMouseButton> Backwards Link Traverse The usual method to read a Black Magic document, is to load the file and then move through it by using the cursor keys or the mouse. When a hypertext link is encountered, the cursor is positioned on it and then press <F1>. Press <PgDn> for more Information This activates the link,letting it perform whatever action that has been assigned to it. Additionally a mouse may be used to read a hypertext document. The mouse can be used to read a document in the following fashion. The movement of the mouse will substitute for the cursor keys, and the mouse buttons will substitute for <F1> and <Esc>. Moving the mouse will take care of all screen movement (like <PgUP> and <PgDn>) this makes it very convenient and fast to use the mouse for reading a document. For the mouse to function a copy of MOUSE.COM or the equivalent must be loaded. Besides <F1>and the <ArrowKeys>, there are a few more commands necessary to use hypertext effectively. Just as <F1> is the key that indicates traverse the link forward, <Esc> is the reverse of that - a backwards link traverse. After using <F1> to traverse or activate a link, pressing <Esc> will step backwards through that link. Traversing it backwards so to speak. The other command is <Alt> <F1>, Collapse. This command takes a magic document that is "unfolded" through much reading, and condenses it back to its original form, deactivating all the links. Press <PgDn> for more Information Additionally there is a special function that was defined to make hypertext easier to read, the Mapping function. This will display a document as a graphic representation of links, from which any branch can be quickly reached. Additionally any point in the document can be accessed here by using the arrow keys to move to its branch and pressing <Enter>. The mapping command is used by pressing <F2>. This will change the screen from a text display to a graphic representation of the document as chained reference links. This map displays the document as a series of sections that are connected by reference links. The map is depicted as a tree structure that stretches down off the screen. The lines between sections indicate the reference links and their structure, while the sections themselves represent the link ends for the reference text. Accessing the map is done with the arrow keys. When the map initially comes up on screen the current cursor position is highlighted. To move to another position use the arrow keys. If the document is very large the map will scroll off the screen. At the top of the screen a window is shown that contains the first three lines of the text from each section of the map. Press <PgDn> for more Information This serves to indicate to you what the contents of each section are. To move directly to any of the sections shown on the map, move the cursor to that section and press <Enter>. Or to just return to your current position in the document press <Esc>. Reader Mode Black Magic offers a mode in which you can set the computer to remove all of the editing functions. It justifies text and allows you to go through a document in a fashion that will prevent any changes to the text. This mode is entered by pressing <Alt> <F2>. To leave this mode is done press <Alt> <F2> again. Links within Links Black Magic has very few limitations concerning links within links: First, there can be no links from within a note window. Second, when creating a Reference link you cannot use point mode to point to text in a Note window. There are several unique feature in Black Magic, among them the TSR Wait State, the Macro capabilities, and the Configuration options. Macros Macros are one of Black Magic's most useful features. A macro is a collection of key strokes that has been assigned to a single key combination. By striking the key combination that represents a macro, the keystrokes that are stored in it are fed to the computer just as if you had typed them. Using macros is actually a very simple process. The first step in using macros, is to define a macro. This is done by pressing the Macro Definition key (<<ALT>> <<F7>>), giving the macro a single character name, and then typing what is to be assigned to the macro. After the macro is defined, pressing <Alt> <F7> again stops the Macro. After macros are created, they are saved to disk. This creates a file with the name of the letter name of the macro and the extension ".MAC". An example of a filename created would be "A.MAC". However despite macros being Press <PgDn> for more Information a useful tool, they do have their limitations. First of all Macros cannot access other macros. Each macro is independent from the rest. You cannot use a macro to either create a macro or run another macro. The reason for this is that when a macro is being created, if any of the other macro keys (<<Alt>> <<F7>> or <<F7>>) are struck it will end the macro, saving it to disk. The other limitation that macros have is that they can only store 255 characters. When a macro reaches 255 characters it is automatically saved to disk. If you make a mistake when defining a macro, that macro must be finished by pressing <<Alt>> <<F7>> and then that macro redefined from scratch. The below list is a summary of the steps involved in creating macros: 1. Press <<Alt>> <<F7>> 2. Type the macro's name 3. Type the macro 4. Press <<Alt>> <<F7>> again to terminate the macro 5. You're done, macro automatically saved to disk Press <PgDn> for more Information The below list is a summary of the steps involved in using a macro. 1. Press <<F7>> 2. Type the macro's name (1 character) 3. Macro is executed by Black Magic Configuration Black Magic, allows some degree of customization through its Config. option. Any changes made to the Config. specifications are saved to disk for future use. The Config. Option is located on the <<F10>> menu or it can be accessed from <<Alt>> C. When activated, it calls up a full screen of information about Black Magic's configuration and default settings. The things in Black Magic that can be configured include: The number of overlays loaded into memory at one time (see below) Default Note Window size. Default Left and Right margins Default Tab Size Automatic bookmark/Query for bookmark Press <PgDn> for more Information Video color for normal text Video color for Block marked text Option to show or hide link markers Option to show or hide link colors Default directories for files and program To change items on this menu, it must be first be brought upon screen. This s done by pressing <Alt> C. When the Configuration menu appears on screen, it displays a full screen of information with a blue highlighting bar marks your position on the screen. The arrow keys are used to move the bar around the screen. The Configuration options are modified using the arrow keys, "Y"/"N", and the number keys. The only options that can be changed are those that the blue highlighting bar stops at (for example it doesn't stop at the colors of the hypertext links - they can't be changed). At any place the bar stops the entry is modified in the following manner. 1. If the entry is numeric (Width - ) enter a number and <Enter> 2. If the entry has a "Yes" or "No" next to it, Press "Y" or "N". Press <PgDn> for more Information 3. If the entry has nothing, press the <RightArrow> or <LeftArrow> to change it. 4. To change the BackGround color, press the "+" and "-" keys. Notes about Configuration Options The single configuration option that will cause users the most confusion is the first one, that of: Load Memory Overlays At Run-time: Load MAGIC.OV1 - NO Load MAGIC.OV2 - YES Load MAGIC.OV3 - NO Black Magic is a program that was constructed using overlays. Overlays are segments of the programs code that can be accessed in two ways; either from disk or from memory. NTERGAID recognizes that different users have different amounts of memory and more importantly different uses for it. If you don't have a full complement of memory, or you use lots of memory resident (TSR type) utilities, or you work with long documents, set the "Load MAGIC.OV? -" Press <PgDn> for more Information to "No" for each of them. If you have lots of memory or no memory resident programs (TSR type) then set these options to yes. Having the options set to "YES" will improve the performance of Black Magic however provided that you have a hard disk even with these set to "No", Black Magic's performance is more than adequate. If you have to choose which overlays to put in memory, we recommend numbers two and three for maximum performance. The other option that could cause users confusion are the Text Color and BackGround Color options. To change the text color, press the <LeftArrow> and the <RightArrow>. To change the BackGround color press the "+" and "-" keys. TSR Wait State NTERGAID recognizes that many users of Black Magic will also run TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) programs in conjunction with Black Magic. However with Black Magic and some TSR programs this can present a problem due to their inability to restore Black Magic's screen properly. To avoid problems like these Black Magic includes what we have termed a TSR wait state. Press <PgDn> for more Information A TSR Wait State is just that. It puts Black Magic into a holding pattern from which a TSR can be executed. After the TSR is executed and you return to Black Magic from the TSR the TSR Wait State command will ensure that the screen is updated properly according to Black Magic rather than the TSR. The TSR Wait State command is executed by typing: <Shift> <F10> After this is typed, go ahead and press the key strokes for the your TSR. After you're done, exit the TSR to Black Magic, and all should be well. Blocks are one of the basic concepts that an understanding of is required to comfortably use Black Magic. Blocks are simply chunks of text that are treated as a single character. in general anything that can be done to a single character can also be done to a block. Blocks provide a convenient method for manipulating large amounts of text. Definition Before block capabilities can be used on any text, that chunk of text that is to be the block must first be defined as a block. Blocks are defined by pressing <Shift> <ArrowKey>. This will highlight (in blue) any characters that the cursor passes over when it is manipulated with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. The area highlighted is the defined block. If any keys are struck after the block is defined that are not valid block commands, the block definition will vanish. Press <PgDn> for more Information Commands Once a block has been defined, the following commands are applicable to it: Command Purpose <Alt> <F5> Cuts the Block from the Text <Shift> <F5> Copies the Block to the Paste Buffer <F5> Paste a Block from the buffer to the document <Del> Delete a Block <F6> Bold <Alt> <F6> Italics _ Underline Block <Ctrl> _ Double Underline Block <Ctrl> <F8> Right Justify Block <Shift> <F8> Left Justify Block <Alt> <F8> Justified Block (Both sides justified) <F9> Export Block (Save text to disk) Press <PgDn> for more Information The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands work in the following manner. Cut removes a defined block from the document and places it is the Paste buffer. Once the block is in the paste buffer, Paste can be used to put it back into the document. Copy replicates the defined block in the Paste buffer, leaving the original block in its place in the document. The graphics capabilities in Black Magic provide one of the most intriguing aspects of hypertext; the ability to freely intermix graphics and text to form completely new information structures. Illustrations and Graphic Links Graphics in Black Magic appear always as boxed graphics. The "boxing" is automatically inserted by Black Magic. Graphics are displayed centered on the screen. Black Magic can work with these graphics in two ways. Graphics may simply be on screen intermixed with text, this is called an Illustration. Or graphics may be an active part of hypertext, serving either as a link originator or a link end, this is called a Graphic Link . Black Magic uses two special symbols to distinguish between the two types of graphics. The first symbol is called a graphic indicator. This symbol looks like a circle and is colored blue. This symbol appears with every graphic either illustration or graphic link.The symbol is displayed at the top left corner of the document. If this symbol is not on screen, the graphic will not be displayed. The only time that the Graphic Indicator symbol will not be displayed is when there are graphics as the Link End for a Note Link. Press <PgDn> for more Information For example if you are scrolling up through a document and come to the bottom of a graphic (either illustration or link) it will show as a blank areas on screen until the graphic indicator appears at which point the graphic will appear. The symbol serves to indicate that there are graphics on screen and it gives a manner to access them. For example when manipulating a graphic through block cut and paste the cut and paste operations are accomplished by marking the graphic indicator as a block and then performing the operation. In short the graphic indicators give a method to refer to an entire graphic image quickly and easily. The second symbol that Black Magic uses to distinguish graphics is called a Graphic Link. This symbol which looks like a circle with a "X" in the center of it, and is colored blue. This symbol only appears with graphics that have been designated as link originators for hypertext. This symbol tends to be embedded in the graphic itself. When the cursor is brought over this symbol and <F1> pressed the link is traversed. There can be multiple graphic links per image. This allows you to make different parts of a graphic image different hypertext links. Press <PgDn> for more Information Entering Graphics Graphics are entered into Black Magic's graphic file format through the use of a screen capturing TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) program called GrabIt. This file format uses the filename extension of .MGR which is automatically appended by GrabIt. With GrabIt, screens of graphic images can be captured and stored as disk files. These files can then be imported into Black Magic and used either as illustrations, or as graphic links. The other way that graphics can be entered into Black Magic is through the use of ClipArt. ClipArt consists of files of graphic images that have been previously recorded and saved onto disk. These files can be imported into Black Magic quickly and easily without the use of the GrabIt. For a listing of the ClipArt files provided with Black Magic and a description of each, it is necessary to list the file: README.ART. Import Graphics are loaded into Black Magic through the use of the Import Graphics command. This command can be accessed either from the menu, or directly through the use of the Function keys. Press <PgDn> for more Information Once graphics are into Black Magic, they can be manipulated through the use of block cut, copy and paste as described below. Manipulation Black Magic uses block functions to manipulate graphics. The Cut, Copy, Delete, and Paste block functions are all fully enabled. To start manipulating a block of graphics, it must first be marked as a block. This is done by moving the cursor into the graphic indicator and pressing: <Shift> <ArrowKey> Now the graphic image is marked as a block, to perform a block operation on it is as simple as pressing that key. For example to Cut a block from the text would require pressing: <Alt> <F5> This would cut the block from the text and store it for future pasting. Any other block operation is performed on graphics is performed in the same fashion. Press <PgDn> for more Information Summarizing the steps to manipulate graphics gives us the following: 1. First mark the graphic indicator as a block. 2. Second perform the block operation desired on it. Hypertext And Graphics Graphics that are also hypertext are defined as such in the same fashion as text with a few minor differences. First of all, graphics can be either the link originator or the link end for Note links and Reference links however one graphic can have multiple graphic links embedded in it thus making this one image the source of many links. The other difference lies in the manner of marking an area of graphics that is to become hypertext. Marking Marking graphics is done by using the Mark Graphics (<F2>) key. To mark a graphic image as hypertext, place the cursor on the Graphic Indicator and press <F2>. This will call up a pair of cross hairs that appear on screen. Press <PgDn> for more Information These cross hairs are used to determine where the graphic link symbol is to be placed on the graphic. The graphic link symbol will be placed at the intersection of the cross hairs. With the cross hairs on screen, the arrow keys are used to move them around and position them precisely. Marking the graphic image is done by pressing the key combination of the type of link it is to become when the cross hairs are in the right position. This will put a hypertext symbol at the same place as the center of the cross hairs, it will also cancel the cross hairs, just as the block definition would be canceled once a hypertext link is created. The steps to mark graphics as hypertext are as follows. 1. Move the cursor onto the Graphic Indicator. 2. Press <F2>. This will call up a pair of cross hairs on screen. 3. Use the arrow keys to manipulate the cross hairs until the intersection of them is where you wish the Graphic Link placed. 4. Press the key combination for the type of Graphic Link that you wish to make. 5. The cross hairs will vanish, and the Graphic Link symbol will be inserted where they were. 6. Enter the data for the Link And you're done. Press <PgDn> for more Information Any graphic image can be marked with multiple links per image. However there are restrictions as to how the links work. For example: Replacement Links are not specific to any one area in a graphic image, they are specific to the whole graphic. Traversing a Replacement link on a graphic image will replace the entire graphic, not just the area near the Graphic Link. If the link used is a Note link for example, there can be different Note links for each hypertext symbol. The same is true for the Reference links, each symbol can be keyed to a different Reference link. Note Links and Graphics Graphics can be incorporated into Note links in two ways. They can be both the Link Originator or the Link End. Note links can contain either graphics or text but not both. However if you wish to add a caption to a graphics contained in a Note link, we suggest naming the Note window (<Ctrl> N). Making graphics the material for a Note link, is done through importing the graphics into the Note link. The Note window will be automatically sized to fit the graphics. Importing graphics into a Note link requires that the link be set up to the point where the window is on screen, and the cursor is waiting for text entry. Press <PgDn> for more Information At this point, the commands to import graphics have to be entered. Once entered, the graphics will be imported into the window, and the window sized to fit. The other aspect of graphics and Note links is using a graphic to summon a Note link. This is done in basically the same fashion as creating any other link. To start with, we'll assume that there is a graphic on screen. Position the cursor on the graphic indicator and press <F2>, this will put a set of cross hairs on the screen. This is to allow precise positioning of the Graphic Link symbol. When the cross hairs are aligned over the spot where the symbol is to be placed, press the key strokes for a note link (<Shift> <F3>), and the symbol will be inserted onto the graphic. Once the symbol is inserted into the graphic, a Note window will be called up on screen for the Note entry. Reference Link and Graphics As with Note links, graphics can be either the Link originator or the Link end for a Reference link. Making a graphic the link originator for a Reference link is done in exactly the same fashion as it is for a note link. Press <PgDn> for more Information The graphic is marked, the Reference link key ( <F3> ) is struck, and the material for the reference link is entered. There can be multiple Reference links stemming from a single graphic - essentially as many as there are room for the graphic link symbols. This is how the demo file USA.MAG was created. The original graphic was imported into Black Magic, and a single reference graphic link originator was embedded in each state. Using a graphic as a link end for a Reference link is again similar to the Note link described in detail above. The Reference link is made, and you are at a new screen for text to be entered. Rather than entering text, you decide to import a graphic. This is done by typing: <Alt> <F9> FILENAME.MGR <Enter> The graphic is imported, and is marked with a graphic indicator symbol (remember the graphic link symbol only shows for link originators) by Black Magic. Now that the graphic is into the Reference link and serving as a link end, you have the option of typing to add text to the graphic, or simply pressing <Esc> to traverse the link backwards. This method of using graphics for the link ends is both simple and powerful, and lets you use text to annotate the graphic. Press <PgDn> for more Information Replacement Link and Graphics As with Note links and Reference links, graphics can be either the Link originator or the Link end for a Replacement link. Making a graphic the link originator for a Replacement link is done in exactly the same fashion as it is for a note link. The graphic is marked, the Replacement Link keys ( <Alt> <F3> ) are struck, and the material for the Replacement Link is entered. There can be multiple Replacement links stemming from a single graphic - however each will replace the whole graphic when traversed. Using a graphic as a link end for a Replacement link is again similar to the Note link described in detail above. The Link Originator is typed, defined as a block, and marked as a Replacement Link. This then presents an area for Replacement text to be entered. Instead of entering any text, import a graphic and you have a Replacement Link with a graphic as the Link End. To traverse this link is done by pressing <F1>. Use Of <Esc> <Esc> is used in two fashions in black Magic. Its first Function is as a cancellation key. In this mode it serves to stop any action in progress. For example if you are entering a filename for a file save operation, pressing <Esc> will cancel the filename entry process and place you back at the text entry mode. <Esc>'s second function is that of traversing links backwards. If you are inside either a Reference Link or a Note Link, pressing <Esc> will palace you back at the Link Originator for that Link. One exception to the use of <Esc> as a backwards link traverse key is seen with the Replacement link. With the Replacement link, <F1> is used to activate this link in both fashions, both forward and backward. In other terms, the Replacement link is set up with a looping structure. File Links File links are a form of reference link. They simply refer to a portion of another file. The other file must be a Black Magic file (.MAG) and have been previously created. The link is created in the same fashion as a reference link. Mark a block of text using <SHIFT> and the arrow keys. Select the 'Link' menu system by pressing <F10> and 'I', or by pressing <ALT> I. Then select Reference Link with 'E' or by pressing return with the cursor on the word Reference. Then select 'Link to File'. You will then be prompted for the name of the file to link to. You can then move within the file using <F1> and <ESC>. When you find the text you want to link to, mark the text as a block and press <ESC>. You will then be taken back to the original file, and the link will have been created. <Del> The <Del> command is used to delete text by characters. When it is used, it will "drag" the text across the screen to it and delete it. To delete text by characters press: <Del> This will delete the text. <Ctrl> D The <Ctrl> D command deletes the line that the cursor is on. It deletes the whole line, drawing the document up one line. To use this command to delete a line, put the cursor on the line to be deleted, and press: <Ctrl> D This will delete the whole line. <PgDn> The <PgDn> command is used to move through a document by "screens" or "pages" of text. To move by pages, press: <PgUp> This will move downwards through the document a screen of information at a time. <PgUp> The <PgUp> command is used to move through a document by "screens" or "pages" of text. To move by pages, press: <PgUp> This will move upwards through the document a screen of information at a time. <BackSpace> The <BackSpace> command is used to delete text by character. It deletes the text to the left of it by characters. To use <BackSpace>, position the cursor to the right of the character that you want deleted and press: <BackSpace> This will delete that character. If <BackSpace> is repeatedly held down, it will delete all the text to its right. <Tab> The <Tab> command is used to move to the next tab setting. It positions the cursor at intervals that correspond to the tab width setting. For example if the tab width is set to 5, the tab settings are at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and so on (intervals of 5). To move the cursor to the next Tab setting, press: <Tab> This will move the cursor to the next tab setting. <Ctrl> <LeftArrow> The <Ctrl> <LeftArrow> command is used to move left by words. To move left by words position the cursor anywhere in the document, and press: <Ctrl> <LeftArrow> This will make the cursor move left by words. It seems to "jump" from word to word. <Ctrl> <RightArrow> The <Ctrl> <RightArrow> command is used to move right by words. To move right by words position the cursor anywhere in the document, and press: <Ctrl> <RightArrow> This will make the cursor move right by words. It seems to "jump" from word to word. <Ctrl> <Enter> The <Ctrl> <Enter> command is used to insert blank lines into the text. This forces the text downwards, while leaving the cursor at the present position, so that more text can be inserted. To use line feeds, position the cursor at the line where you wish a blank line inserted, and press: <Ctrl> <Enter> This will insert one blank line, while leaving the cursor at its present position. Note: this command has the same effect as <Ctrl> J. <Ins> The <Ins> command is used to toggle back and forth between INSert and overwrite modes. In insert mode anything that is typed is continually inserted into the document. In overwrite mode anything that is typed destroys what was below it. It types "over" the existing text destroying it. To toggle between the two modes press: <Ins> This will toggle from mode to mode. In INSert mode, the phrase "Ins" is displayed on the command line. In Overwrite mode the "Ins" is missing from the command line. <Ctrl> <BackSpace> The <Ctrl> <BackSpace> command is used to delete text by words. It deletes the text to the right of it by words, pulling the text to it. To use <Ctrl> <BackSpace>, position the cursor to the right of the word that you want that deleted and press: <Ctrl> <BackSpace> This will delete that word. If <Ctrl> <BackSpace> is repeatedly held down, it will draw all the text to its right to it and then delete it. <Alt> I The <Alt> I command brings the Link submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Link submenu gives you the following choices: Reference Replacement Note DOS Link Mark Graphic The commands have the following meanings: Reference - brings up a menu with the possible types of reference links Replacement - creates a replacement link with current block marked Note - creates a note link at current block marked DOS Link - creates a DOS link at current block marked Mark Graphic - puts a cursor onto a graphic image for graphic links <F8> The <F8> command is used to center text. Centered text is text that has been exactly aligned between the margins. Black Magic works by centering the entire line that the cursor is on. To center text, place the cursor on the line of text to be centered and press: <F8> This will center the line. <F9> The <F9> command is used to save the document in memory. When the <F9> command is used, Black Magic will first prompt you for a filename. Then if your document is ONLY text Black Magic will prompt you as to whether or not the document should be saved as a Magic file. This is to give the option of creating plain ASCII files. If you reply to the "Save As A Magic file" prompt with a "N" then your file will be written to disk as a plain ASCII text file. If you answer the prompt with a "Y" then your file will be written the Black MAgic file format. However if your document contains any hypertext links at all it is automatically saved as a Magic file. To save your current document file press: <F9> "Filename" <Enter> Where "Filename" is the name that the document should be saved under. Next answer any of the prompts that may appear as to how the file should be saved (see above), and the file is saved. <F5> The <F5> command is used to paste blocks of text back into the document. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. The paste command is used to take a block of text that is in the paste buffer and put it back into the document at the cursor location. To paste a block of text into the document press: <F5> This will paste the contents of the paste buffer back into the document at the cursor location. The contents of the paste buffer can be pasted into a document multiple times as the buffer is not emptied or cleared until new information is put into the buffer. <Shift> <F5> The <Shift> <F5> command is used to copy blocks of text from the document into the paste buffer. The blocks are NOT removed from the document as they are with the Cut command. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. To copy a block of text to the buffer from the document, a block must first be defined. This is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>; this combination is used to highlight the text that is to be defined as a block. Once the block is defined press: <Shift> <F5> This will copy the defined block from the document and place it in the paste buffer. Now that it is in the buffer, it can be pasted back into the document multiple times. <Alt> <F5> The <Alt> <F5> command is used to cut blocks of text from the document. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. To cut a block of text from the document, a block must first be defined. This is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>; this combination is used to highlight the text that is to be defined as a block. Once the block is defined press: <Alt> <F5> This will cut (removing it from the document) the defined block from the text and place it in the paste buffer. <Alt> <F10> The <Alt> <F10> command is used to Exit Black Magic. To Exit Black Magic press: <Alt> <F10> If there have been any changes made to the file since it was loaded, Black Magic will ask you whether or not to save the file. After you reply either "Y" or "N" you will exit Black Magic. Note an Exit operation in progress can be cancelled by pressing <Esc>. <F1> The <F1> command is used to traverse a hypertext link. It transfers the reader from the link originator to the link end. To traverse a link, the cursor must be positioned between the link markers. To use this command to traverse a link, position the cursor between the link markers of the link you wish to traverse and press: <F1> This will traverse the link. To return from Reference and Note links, press: <Esc> To return from a Replacement link press: <F1> A second time. <Ctrl> N The <Ctrl> N command is used to name a Note window. It allows you to enter a twenty character name for the note window. This name is then displayed at the top of the window. To use this command, press: <Ctrl> N when the Note window is displayed on screen, Black Magic will then prompt you for the name of the window. <F3> The <F3> command is used to create a reference link. Links are the basic building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic. A link is a block of text or graphics that has been defined as hypertext. Once a block is hypertext it has special properties. These properties can include pop up windows (Note Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant "cross references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link). When traversed, reference links take the reader to another location in the document, in effect "cross referencing" them to that location. Reference Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen. The symbols for a reference link composed of text are a pair of green triangles. These triangles surround what is termed the "Link Originator". The Link Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link was created. It is the Gateway for the link. All hypertext links are activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the link and pressing <F1>. Press <PgDn> for more information <Alt> <F3> The <Alt> <F3> command is used to create a Replacement Link. Links are the basic building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic. A link is a block of text or graphics that has been defined as hypertext. Once a block is hypertext it has special properties. These properties can include pop up windows (Note Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant "cross references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link). When traversed, Replacement Links replace the original block of text with a new block of text or graphics. Replacement Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen. The symbols for a Replacement Link composed of text are a pair of pink squares. These squares surround what is termed the "Link Originator". The Link Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link was created. It is the Gateway for the link. All hypertext links are activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the link and pressing <F1>. Press <PgDn> for more information <Shift> <F3> The <Shift> <F3> command is used to create a Note Link. Links are the basic building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic. A link is a block of text or graphics that has been defined as hypertext. Once a block is hypertext it has special properties. These properties can include pop up windows (Note Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant "cross references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link). When traversed, Note Links pop up a "Note" window in the upper right hand corner of the screen. Note Links are used to convey brief notes or comments to the readers. Note Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen. The symbols for a note link composed of text are a pair of yellow diamonds. These diamonds surround what is termed the "Link Originator". The Link Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link was created. It is the Gateway for the link. All hypertext links are activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the link and pressing <F1>. Press <PgDn> for more information <Alt> <F9> The <Alt> <F9> command is used to import graphics files into Black Magic. Graphics files in Black Magic are either captured through the use of GrabIt or they are pulled from Black Magic's collection of ClipArt. All graphics files in Black MAgic share a common file extension, that of .MGR. To import a graphics file into Black Magic press: <Alt> <F9> "Filename" <Enter> Where "Filename" is the name of the file that you wish to import. Black Magic will then import the specified graphics file into the document. When the graphic is in the document a symbol that looks like a circle will appear next to it. This symbol is called the Graphic Indicator, and it is used to refer to the graphic. For example if you wish to use the Block Cut and copy commands to manipulate a graphic the block is marked by only marking the Graphic Indicator Symbol. Once the symbol is marked (using <Shift> <Arrowkey> then it can be Cut Copied and Pasted like any other block. There is a second symbol that can appear with a graphic, and that is called a Graphic Link. This symbol is used to show hypertext links when they are part of a graphic. (Press <F2> at the help screen for more) <F10> The <F10> command is used to display the menu at the bottom of the screen. Once the menu is displayed choices can be made from it by either moving the highlighting bar over it and pressing <Enter> or by typing the first letter of the command desired. Each menu option (except Exit) leads to a submenu. The menu displayed will give you the following choices: Files Edit Format Link Search Macro Util Window Help Files brings up a files menu. (Press <ALT> F) Edit brings up a block editing menu. (Press <ALT> E) Format brings up a text formatting menu. (Press <ALT> O) Link brings up a menu for linking text. (Press <ALT> I) Search brings up a search menu. (Press <ALT> S) Util brings up a Black Magic utilities menu. (Press <ALT> U) Macro brings up a macro menu. (Press <ALT> M) Window brings up a note window formatting menu. (Press <ALT> W) Help brings up the Black Magic help system. (Press <ALT> H) Note: Most menu commands can also be accessed through the keyboard. <Alt> F The <Alt> F command brings the Files submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Files submenu gives you the following choices: Open Save Change Dir Files Util Import/Export Print Exit The commands have the following meanings: Load - This brings a .MAG file into Black Magic Save - This saves a file in the .MAG format Change Dir - This changes the current directory to a specified one Files - This gives a listing of the files in the current directory Util - Brings up a menu with file utilities Import/Export - Brings up a menu for importing and exporting files Print - Brings up a menu with printing functions Exit - Exits Black Magic <Alt> S The <Alt> S command brings the Search submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Search submenu gives you the following choices: Find Replace Again Options The commands have the following meanings: Find - find a word Replace - replace a word with another word Again - Do last find/replace again Options - set options for the search <Alt> E The <Alt> E command brings the Edit submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Edit submenu gives you the following choices: Cut Copy Paste Display Buffer UnMagic Delete Line Delete Word The commands have the following meanings: Cut removes a block of text from the screen and places in the paste buffer Copy copies a block of text from the screen to the paste buffer Paste places the contents of the paste buffer to the cursor position Display Buffer show the contents of the paste buffer UnMagic removes a hypertext link Delete Line removes the current line Delete Word deletes the word to the right of the cursor <Alt> M The <Alt> M command brings the Macro submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Macro submenu gives you the following choices: Define Macro Run Macro The commands have the following meanings: Define Macro stores keystrokes into a .MAC file on the disk Run Macro runs a .MAC macro off the disk <Alt> U The <Alt> U command brings the Utilities submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Utilities submenu gives you the following choices: Reader Mode TSR Wait State Configure Black Magic Word Count The commands have the following meanings: Reader Mode - toggles from write mode to reader mode TSR Wait State - Use when running a TSR program (i.e. SideKick) Configure Black Magic - Setup directories and user preferences Word Count - Count the number of words in the document <Ctrl> <F5> The <Ctrl> <F5> command is used to display the contents of the paste buffer. The paste buffer is used to hold blocks that have either been cut, copied, or deleted. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. To see the contents of the paste buffer press: <Ctrl> <F5> <Alt> O The <Alt> O command brings the Format submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Format submenu gives you the following choices: Style Justify Margins Set Tab Pagebreak The commands have the following meanings: Style - brings up a menu for bolfacing, italicizing, etc... Justify - brings up a menu for justification of the window Margins - brings up a menu for window margins Set Tab - sets the tab spacing Pagebreak - inserts a page break for printing <Ctrl> <F8> The <Ctrl> <F8> combination is used for Right Justifing a window. It will pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the justification to Right Justification. An Example of Full Justification follows: This is a paragraph in which Right justification has been used. You will notice that the last word of each line ends at the same point while the first word begins at different places on each line. <Ctrl> <F3> The <Cltr> <F3> command is used to create a DOS Link. Links are the basic building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic. A link is a block of text or graphics that has been defined as hypertext. Once a block is hypertext it has special properties. These properties can include pop up windows (Note Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), instant "cross references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link), and run DOS applications (DOS Link). DOS Links run a batch file after exiting Black Magic. When this link is activated by Black Magic, it will appear as a full size note window where the contents of the batch file can be entered. If Black Magic is in reader mode, or when using MagRead, the batch file is automatically executed. By pressing <F1> when editing the batch file the batch file can also be run. DOS Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen. The symbols for a DOS link composed of text are a pair of orange floppy disks. These floppy disks surround what is termed the "Link Originator". The Link Originator is simply what was initially defined when the link was created. Press <PgDn> for more information <Ctrl> F The <Ctrl> F command is used to activate the Searching functions of Black Magic. To find a specific piece of text press: <Ctrl> F Black Magic will now prompt you for the text to be found. Enter the text to be found and press <Enter> Black Magic will either take the cursor to the first occurrence of the text entered or report that the text does not exist. To repeat the same search press : <Ctrl> A The searching methods can be altered by pressing: <F10> S O <Ctrl> R The <Ctrl> R command is used to activate the Replace functions of Black Magic. To Replace a particular string of text, press: <Ctrl> R Black Magic will now prompt you for the text to be Replaced, and then for the text that is to Replace it. Enter the text to be Replaced and press <Enter>, Now enter the text to replace it and press <Enter>. Black Magic will go and replace all the occurrences of the specified text with the text to replace it. The replacement methods can be altered by pressing: <F10> S O <End> The <End> command is used to move to the end of a line. It places the cursor at the lines end. To move the cursor to the end of a line, press: <End> This will move the cursor to the end of a line. <Home> The <Home> command is used to move to the beginning of a line. It places the cursor at the lines beginning. To move the cursor to the beginning of a line, press: <Home> This will move the cursor to the beginning of a line. <F6> The <F6> command is used to make a block of text bold face. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. To make text bold face it must first be defined as a block. This is done using <Shift> <ArrowKey> (blocks appear highlighted in blue on the screen). Once a block is defined, press: <F6> This will make the block bold face, and cause the block definition to vanish. _ The "_" (underscore) command is used to underline a block of text. It only works in conjunction with blocks, underlining the entire defined block. To underline text, it must first be defined as a block. This is done by highlighting the desired text with <Shift> <Arrowkey>. Once the desired text has been defined as a block, press: <Shift> _ (Shift and the Underscore key) This will underline the entire block. <Alt> <F6> The <Alt> <F6> command is used to italicize a block of text. Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block". This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single character. To italicize text, the text must first be defined as a block. This is done using <Shift> <ArrowKey> (blocks appear highlighted in blue on the screen). Once a block is defined, press: <Alt> <F6> This will italicize the block, and cause the block definition to vanish. <Shift> <F7> The <Shift> <F7> command is used to define a macro. Macros are essentially recorded sequences of keystrokes that can played back at will to make your computer execute those keystrokes. Macros are useful for automating any sort of repetitive task; for example, what was four or more keystrokes could be reduced to one. Macros are named with the single characters that are letters and numbers on the keyboard. This limits the number of available macros to thirty six (26 letters and 10 numbers). To define a macro press: <Shift> <F7> "MacroName" Where "MacroName" is the letter or number of the macro to be defined. If the macro does not already exist prompt you to start creating the macro. Once the macro is created press: <Shift> <F7> to end the macro, saving it to disk. IF a macro already existed for that name Black Magic will ask if it is supposed to overwrite it. <Ctrl> C The <Ctrl> C command is used to get word counts for the current text stream. The current text stream is anywhere within a Black Magic document that can be reached without traversing a link. It is the text that can be reached by only using the arrow keys. To count the words in the current text stream press: <Ctrl> C This will return the number of words in the current text stream. <F7> The <F7> command is used to run a macro. Macros are essentially recorded sequences of keystrokes that can played back at will to make your computer execute those keystrokes. Macros are useful for automating any sort of repetitive task; for example, what was four or more keystrokes could be reduced to one. Macros are used in Black Magic by pressing <F7> in conjunction with the macros name. Macros are named with the single characters that are letters and numbers on the keyboard. This limits the number of availale macros to thirty six (26 letters and 10 numbers). To run a macro press: <F7> "MacroName" Where "MacroName" is the letter or number of the macro. Macros are read from the disk and run if they are not already in memory. <ALT> H The <ALT> H command is used to call up this help module that you are reading. To access the help screens, press: <ALT> H Once the initial help screen is displayed, help can be achieved in three ways. 1. By pressing the help key (<Shift> <F1>), the function key template will be displayed. 2. By pressing any valid key combination, help will be displayed for that key combination. 3. Topics may be selected from the list of six displayed at the bottom of the initial screen. This is done using arrow keys and <Enter>. Help is exited by pressing <Esc>. Ctrl <F4> The <Ctrl> <F4> command is used to UnMagic Note Links, Replacement Links and Reference Links (that is to remove them, making them not hypertext any longer). When a Note or Replacement Link has been UnMagic'ed its contents are GONE!!! - so use these commands with caution. When a replacement Link has been UnMagic'ed it may still be retrieved. Remember you can always use Block Cut and Paste to get the contents of links to another place in the document. To UnMagic a Link, position the cursor between the two link markers of the link you wish to remove and press: <Ctrl> <F4> This will eliminate the link, removing the symbols from the screen. To retrieve a Reference Link that has been UnMagic'ed, mark the block that you wish to link from (Link Originator) and goto the Mapping Function (<Ctrl> <F2>). Now press the <Tab> key. This will call up a map of the UnMagic'ed Reference links. Now move to the UnMagic'ed Link with the arrow keys and <Enter>. Once in that Link, mark the block that you wish to link to (Link End) and press <Esc>. The link has been made. <Alt> R The <Alt> R command is used to set the right margin. To set the right margin, press: <Alt> R Black Magic will then prompt you for the value for the right margin, so press: Number <Enter> Where "Number" is any value between 1 and 79, such that it does not conflict with the left margin. <Shift> <F9> The <Shift> <F9> command is used to load a document into memory. When the load command is issued, either ASCII or Magic (.MGR) hypertext files can be loaded. To load a file press: <Shift> <F9> "Filename" <Enter> Where "Filename" is the name for the file that is to be loaded. <Alt> L The <Alt> L command is used to set the left margin. To set the left margin, press: <Alt> L Black Magic will then prompt you for the value for the left margin, so press: Number <Enter> Where "Number" is any value between 1 and 79, such that it does not conflict with the right margin. <Alt> - # The Alt - # ('#' representing a number zero through nine entered by the user) command is used to define a marker. Markers are invisible locator codes that are user defined. After a marker has been created, the user can jump to it instantly by simply pressing <Alt> # ('#' meaning the number of the marker). These markers work both across the current text stream and across links. To create a marker, press: <Alt> - This will bring a window up on screen for the entry of the number of the marker (0-9 are the eligible numbers to enter). Entering a number and pressing <Enter> creates the marker. <Alt> V The <Alt> V command brings the View submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The View submenu gives you the following choices: Forward Link Backward Link Collapse Map Set Marker Goto Marker The commands have the following meanings: Forward Link traverses a link forward. (Same as <F1>) Backward Link traverses a link backward. (Same as <ESC>) Collapse to the first window. (Same as <ALT> <F1>) Map brings up the hypertext link map. (Same as <CTRL> <F2>) Set Marker places a bookmark at the current location Goto Marker takes you to a previously set bookmark <Ctrl> _ The <Ctrl> "_" (underscore) command is used to double underline a block of text. It only works in conjunction with blocks, double underlining the entire defined block. To double underline text, it must first be defined as a block. This is done by highlighting the desired text with <Shift> <Arrowkey>. Once the desired text has been defined as a block, press: <Ctrl> _ (Control and the Underscore key) This will double underline the entire block. <Ctrl> <F9> The <Ctrl> <F9> command is used to import text into an existing document. To import a text file into the current document press: <Ctrl> <F9> "Filename" <Enter> Where "Filename" is the name for the file that is to be loaded. <Shift> <Tab> The <Shift> <Tab> command is used to set the tab width. By pressing <Shift> <Tab>, you are prompted for a new tab setting. To set a new tab width, press: <Shift> <Tab> Black Magic will now prompt you for a new tab setting. This Setting is entered in the following manner: Number <Enter> Where "Number" is any value for the new tab setting between 1 and 79. After the number has been entered, <Enter> must be pressed. <Ctrl> <End> The <Ctrl> <End> command is used to move to the bottom of the current text stream. The current text stream is defined as anywhere that you can move to without using <Esc> or <F1>. It is anywhere that is accessible without using hypertext. To move to the bottom of the current text stream, press: <Ctrl> <End> This will move the cursor to the bottom of the current text stream. <Ctrl> <Home> The <Ctrl> <Home> command is used to move to the top of the current text stream. The current text stream is defined as anywhere that you can move to without using <Esc> or <F1>. It is anywhere that is accessible without using hypertext. To move to the top of the current text stream, press: <Ctrl> <Home> This will move the cursor to the top of the current text stream. <Alt> W The <Alt> W command brings the Window submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Window submenu gives you the following choices: Resize Note Window Name Note Window The commands have the following meanings: Resize Note Window changes the size and positioning of the note window Name Note Window places a name for the note window above the window <Ctrl> A The <Ctrl> A command is used to repeat a Search or Replace command. After a search or replace operation has been performed, it may be repeated as many times as necessary byu simply pressing: <Ctrl> A <Alt> T The <Alt> T command is used to set the tab size in Black Magic. Black has only one tab setting that simply moves the cursor the number of spaces that the tab is set to. To use this command to set the tab, press: <Alt> T This will pop a window up on screen for the entry of the new tab setting. <Ctrl> B The <Ctrl> B command inserts a page break symbol into the text. The page break symbol instructs the printer to continue printing at the top of the next physical page. This allows you to prematurely force the "end" of a page. <Shift> <F2> The <Shift> <F2> command is used to resize Note Windows. It only affects the active window. The active window is the one that contains the cursor. To resize a Note Window press: <Shift> <F2> This will cause Black Magic to prompt you for the new window height and width. After they are entered, the window will be resized to those specifications, and text entry into the window can be continued. <Alt> <F1> The <Alt> <F1> command is used to collapse a hypertext document. It folds a document into its original form and returns the cursor to the beginning of the document. To use this command to collapse a document to its original form and return to the beginning press: <Alt> <F1> This will collapse the document. <Shift> <F10> The <Shift> <F10> command is used to place Black Magic in what is termed a TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) Wait State. The TSR Wait State is a special mode that Black Magic can be put in to facilitate the running of TSR type programs. A TSR is a program that is loaded into memory and remains there until activated by a particular sequence of keystrokes. These type of programs are frequently incompatible with Black Magic because they do not restore the video display properly. Black Magic uses what is termed a "Bit Mapped" display, because of this Black Magic can use multiple fonts, underlining, and graphics however most TSRs don't properly restore this type of screen hence the invention of the TSR Wait State. To invoke the TSR wait state press: <Shift> <F10> Now go ahead and run your TSR. When you return to Black Magic, pressing any key will remove you from the TSR Wait State. Ctrl O The <Ctrl> O command is used to set the various options for searching, changing how the searching functions. These options can also be accessed from the <F10> activated menu (<F10> S O). The options that can be changed are: Option Meaning Global Replace Replace from cursor forward or over whole text stream Whole Word Search only for words or every instance of entered text Forward Search Search from cursor forward or over whole text stream Query For Replace Replace operations happen automatically or after prompt Ignore Case Search/Repl. operation ignore or count Upper/lower case To access these search options, press: <Ctrl> O This will bring a window up on screen with a cursor inside it. Use the up and down arrows to go to the option you wish to change and the right and left arrows to change it back and forth. <Ctrl> <F2> The <Ctrl> <F2> command is used to map hypertext reference links. It displays a graphical map of the overall structure of the document. The Ctrl <F2> command is also used to access the UnMagic reference link commands and the FileLink commands. To access these additional commands, press the <Tab> key. Note - the FileLink commands are only active when you are in point mode. At this point, pressing <Enter> will allow you to link to another file. To display a map of your document press: <Ctrl> <F2> <F2> The <F2> command is used to mark an imported graphic image as a link originator. When this command is activated, a crosshairs is called up over the graphic image, this is then manipulated with the arrow keys. WHen it is in the right location, the key for the type of link is pressed. From this point, links are constructed as they are normally. To use this command to mark a graphic, position the cursor on the graphic indicator and press <F2>. This will place a crosshairs on the graphic. This can be manipulated with the arrowkeys to the correct position that the link is to be placed. When the crosshairs are at the right place, press the key combination for the type of link that it is to be. From this point on, the link is created normally. <Alt> P The <Alt> P command brings the Print submenu up on screen. This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic. The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice. The Files submenu gives you the following choices: Go Options Cancel The commands have the following meanings: Go - This starts the printer printing. Options - This is used to set printer specifications such as page length, lines per page, etc. Cancel - This is used to halt printing. <Alt> <F2> The <Alt> <F2> command is used to place Black Magic into Reader mode. In this mode no editing is possible, but your document is displayed as if it was being read by one of the reader programs, displaying things like justification. In Reader mode all the normal methods for moving through a hypertext document apply including <F1> and <Esc>. To place Black Magic into Reader mode press: <Alt> <F2> This will place Black Magic into Reader mode, to escape from Reader mode press: <Alt> <F2> Again. <Alt> <F7> In the manual it is said that <Alt> <F7> is used to define a macro. The manual is in error. Defining a macro is activated by <Shift> <F7>. Sorry For The Inconveince. F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Ctrl Reporting Mapping DOS Link UnMagic Display Function Function Buffer Alt Collapse Reader Replacement Cut Mode Link Shift Help Resize Note Link Copy Note Link Normal Forward Mark Reference Hide Link Paste Traverse Graphics Link Markers F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Ctrl Right Import Justify Text Alt Italics Full Import Exit Justify Graphics Shift Define Left Load TSR Wait Macro Justify Document Normal Bold Run Center Save Menu Macro Text Document <Shift> <F8> The <Shift> <F8> combination is used for Left Justifing a window. It will pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the justification to Left Justification. An Example of Left Justification follows: This is a paragraph in which left justification has been used. You will notice that the first word at the beginning of each line starts at the same point for every line, while the last word does not always end at the same point. <Alt> <F8> The <Alt> <F8> combination is used for Full Justifing a window. It will pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the justification to Full Justification. An Example of Full Justification follows: This is a paragraph in which Full justification has been used. You will notice that the first word at the beginning of each line starts at the same point for every line, and the last word ends at the same point on every line, except for the last line of a paragraph. <F4> The <F4> command is used to Hide the link markers. The link markers can be removed from the screen to allow for easy reading of text. Links are still active with link markers invisible. <Ctrl> <F10> The <Ctrl> <F10> command is used to place Black Magic in what is termed a TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) Wait State. The TSR Wait State is a special mode that Black Magic can be put in to facilitate the running of TSR type programs. A TSR is a program that is loaded into memory and remains there until activated by a particular sequence of keystrokes. These type of programs are frequently incompatible with Black Magic because they do not restore the video display properly. Black Magic uses what is termed a "Bit Mapped" display, because of this Black Magic can use multiple fonts, underlining, and graphics however most TSRs don't properly restore this type of screen hence the invention of the TSR Wait State. The difference between the <Shift> <F10> TSR Wait State and this one is that here the screen is left in graphics mode so that the screen can be captured by a screen grabbing program, such as GRABIT. <Ctrl> P The <Ctrl> P command initiates a printout of the current window to the specified printer. The printer is specified through the printer options menu. To get to the printer options menu type: <F10> F P O (No Need to type spaces.) You can then select a printer and set other printer functions. The <Ctrl> P combination allows the print command to be executed without having to use the menu system. <Ctrl> E The <Ctrl> E command is used to export ASCII text files without using the menu system. Pressing the <Ctrl> E combination will bring up a window asking for a filename to send the text to. If a block has been marked, only that text will be exported. <Ctrl> <F1> The <Ctrl> <F1> command is used to initiate the reporting feature. Place the cursor over an existing link and press the <Ctrl> <F1> combination. A window will appear where the report can be entered. To send the report to an external file use the @ symbol followed by a filename. Example: @FileName.Txt This will create a new file called FileName.Txt and all text following that line will be sent to that file. To append to an existing file (appending to a non-existant file merely starts the file), use two @ symbols like this: @@NextFile.Dat Your files can then be used in conjunction with expert systems or other programs you execute using the DOS Link feature. (See <Ctrl> <F3>.) Graphics can also be defined as reference links. When graphics are defined as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for all types of links. This symbol is a circle with an "X" through it. To traverse these graphic hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and press <F1>. For more information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2> at the initial help screen. To create a reference link, it is first necessary to define the block that is to become hypertext. This is done by pressing: <Shift> <Arrowkey> Use the arrowkeys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the block of text that is to be the Link Originator. Once the Link Originator has been defined as a block press: <F3> Now Black Magic will query you as to whether or not the Reference Link Press <PgDn> for more information is going to point to new text or not. This simply means are you going to link the Link Originator to text or graphics that already exist, or to text or graphics that is going to be entered now. For now, we'll demonstrate linking to text has to be entered (i.e. its not in the document yet). Press: Y to continue. Now Black Magic will present you with a blank screen on which to enter the reference text or graphics. Type some text to serve as the reference material for the link and press: <Esc> Now Black Magic will prompt you with a message in a window that says: "The Reference Link's endpoints have not been defined ... " This means that you have not defined where in the block of text just entered you want the cursor (and hence the reader) to be brought to. If you have a specific point that you wish the cursor to be brought to, go mark that point as a Block and then Press <PgDn> for more Information press <Esc>. If you just want the cursor to be brought to the beginning of the block press <Esc> without marking a block. Either of these will end the link and return the cursor (and you) to the link originator. The other manner to define a Reference Link is through the use of Point Mode. Point mode is used to link the Reader with any location in an already existing part of the document. The location pointed to can be in the current text stream (anywhere in the area reachable on screen without using <F1> or <Esc>), or even in another link elsewhere in the document. Point Mode is used by answering the "Is this Going To Point To New Text ? (Y/N)" query with "Y". You can go to any point in the document using the <ArrowKeys>, <PgUp> & <PgDn>, the other movement keys, and <F1>/<Esc>. Press <PgDn> for more Information When the cursor is at the location that you want the Reader to be brought to, Press: <Shift> <ArrowKey> To mark the block where the cursor should be brought to. After the block is marked, press: <ESC> To complete the Link. The cursor will be returned to the Link Originator. Graphics can also be defined as the Link Originators for Replacement links. When graphics are defined as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for all types of links. This symbol is a circle with an "X" through it. To traverse these graphic hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and press <F1>. One aspect to making a Graphic the basis for a Replacement Link Originator is that the entire graphic will be replaced, not simply the area near the symbol. For more information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2> at the initial help screen. To create a Replacement Link, it is first necessary to define the block that is to become hypertext. This is done by pressing: <Shift> <Arrowkey> Use the arrow keys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the Link Originator. Once the Link Originator has been defined as a block press: <Alt> <F3> Now Black Magic will pop up a Replacement window for text or graphics entry. Press <PgDn> for more Text can be entered either by typing or by importing a text file, and graphics is entered by importing a graphics file. Once the data is entered into the Replacement Link, press: <Esc> This will remove the Replacement Window from the screen and then return you to the Link Originator. You can see that the Link Originator is enclosed by pink squares. To traverse the link, move the cursor between the squares and press: <F1> The Replacement Link has one significant difference from the other two Links. The Link is set up with a "looping" type of structure, there fore to return from the Link is press: <F1> A second time. Remember returning from a Replacement Link is done by pressing <F1> between the symbols a second time. Graphics can also be defined as the Link Originators for Note links. When graphics are defined as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for all types of links. This symbol is a circle with an "X" through it. To traverse these graphic hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and press <F1>. For more information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2> at the initial help screen. To create a note link, it is first necessary to define the block that is to become hypertext. This is done by pressing: <Shift> <Arrowkey> Now use the arrow keys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the block of text that is to be the Link Originator. Once the Link Originator has been defined as a block press: <Shift> <F3> Now Black Magic will pop up a Note window for text or graphics entry. Text can be entered either by typing or by importing a text file, and graphics Press <PgDn> for more are entered by importing a graphics file. Once the data is entered into the Note Link, press: <Esc> This will remove the Note Window from the screen and then return you to the Link Originator. You can see that the Link Originator is enclosed by yellow diamonds. To traverse the link, move the cursor between the diamonds and press: <F1> To return from the Link press: <Esc> It is the Gateway for the link. All hypertext links are activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the link and pressing <F1>. The contents of the window are commands that would be in an actual batch file. See your Disk Operating System manual for information on what commands can be placed in this window. The two final commands to place in your batch file will reload Black Magic and the file which was already loaded. These two commands change to the directory containing MAGIC.EXE or MAGREAD.EXE and run the program. A typical addition to the batch file would be: CD\MAGIC MAGIC /RESTART Your additions may differ if you have placed your system files in a another directory, or if you are using MagRead instead of Black Magic. Your program does not have to reload Black Magic after running the batch file. Nor does is have to reload the same file that was used when exiting.